Archaeologists Uncover Nazi and Soviet Ruins of 17th Century Vilna Synagogue

Recent archaeological excavations have brought to light new discoveries about the Great Synagogue of Vilna, revealing the extensive destruction it endured during and after the Holocaust. Located in what is now Vilnius, Lithuania, this 17th and 18th-century synagogue was once a cornerstone of Lithuanian Jewry.

In the fifth season of excavations, archaeologists uncovered new sections of the synagogue's floor, adorned with intricate patterns of red, black, and white flowers. This season also revealed parts of the women’s section, known as Ezrat Nashim, and large water reservoirs that supplied halachically pure water to the community’s mikva’ot.

One of the most striking finds was a giant pillar, originally part of the Bimah, now lying collapsed – a stark reminder of the synagogue’s violent destruction. Additionally, remnants of the synagogue's walls decorated with blue and red motifs were discovered, providing a glimpse into its former grandeur.

The excavation is a joint effort by the Israel Antiquities Authority, the Association of Lithuanian Archaeology, the Good Will Foundation, and the Jewish Community of Lithuania. The synagogue, built in the Renaissance-Baroque style in the 17th century, was the most significant building for Lithuanian Jews until its destruction during the Holocaust. The surrounding complex included 12 synagogues, study houses, a community council building, the home of Rabbi Eliyahu – the Vilna Gaon, kosher meat stalls, the renowned 'Strashun' library, and a bathhouse.

This sacred site was first looted and burned by Nazi Germans, and later completely demolished by Soviet authorities, who constructed a modern school over its remains. In 2015, a ground-penetrating radar survey revealed substantial remains of the synagogue below the surface, prompting five seasons of excavation that have since unearthed the site’s rich history.

Dr. Jon Seligman of the Israel Antiquities Authority and Justinas Rakas of the Lithuanian Archaeological Society, directors of the excavation, highlighted the significance of these findings. “The magnificent remains we are discovering – the synagogue Bimah that was uncovered during the previous excavation seasons – as well as the colorful decorations of the floor and walls – bring back moments in the life of a lost vibrant community,” they stated. They also noted that the destruction of the synagogue by the Nazis and Soviets symbolizes the tragic loss of a once-thriving Jewish community.

Eli Escusido, Director of the Israel Antiquities Authority, emphasized the importance of the excavation, especially in the current climate of rising anti-Semitism. “This important excavation has been going on in Lithuania for a number of years, led by a team of archaeologists from the Israel Antiquities Authority and Lithuanians, takes on a new importance this year, after October 7,” he remarked. “In the face of rising anti-Semitism and attempts to deceive and deny, there is one undeniable truth, both simple and tragic, which tells us about an entire magnificent community that was destroyed due to hatred of Jews – Never Again.”

These discoveries not only revive the memory of a vibrant Jewish community but also serve as a poignant reminder of the enduring impact of hatred and the importance of remembering history.

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